Anton Karl Ingason

Also published as: Anton K. Ingason


2024

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Ice and Fire: Dataset on Sentiment, Emotions, Toxicity, Sarcasm, Hate speech, Sympathy and More in Icelandic Blog Comments
Steinunn Rut Friðriksdóttir | Annika Simonsen | Atli Snær Ásmundsson | Guðrún Lilja Friðjónsdóttir | Anton Karl Ingason | Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson | Hafsteinn Einarsson
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Threat, Aggression & Cyberbullying @ LREC-COLING-2024

This study introduces “Ice and Fire,” a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) dataset tailored for sentiment analysis in the Icelandic language, encompassing a wide range of linguistic tasks, including sentiment and emotion detection, as well as identification of toxicity, hate speech, encouragement, sympathy, sarcasm/irony, and trolling. With 261 fully annotated blog comments and 1045 comments annotated in at least one task, this contribution marks a significant step forward in the field of Icelandic natural language processing. It provides a comprehensive dataset for understanding the nuances of online communication in Icelandic and an interface to expand the annotation effort. Despite the challenges inherent in subjective interpretation of text, our findings highlight the positive potential of this dataset to improve text analysis techniques and encourage more inclusive online discourse in Icelandic communities. With promising baseline performances, “Ice and Fire” sets the stage for future research to enhance automated text analysis and develop sophisticated language technologies, contributing to healthier online environments and advancing Icelandic language resources.

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Beyond Error Categories: A Contextual Approach of Evaluating Emerging Spell and Grammar Checkers
Þórunn Arnardóttir | Svanhvít Lilja Ingólfsdóttir | Haukur Barri Símonarson | Hafsteinn Einarsson | Anton Karl Ingason | Vilhjálmur Þorsteinsson
Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024

Automatic spell and grammar checking can be done using various system architectures, and large language models have recently been used to solve the task with promising results. Here we describe a new method of creating test data to measure the performance of spell and grammar checkers, including large language models. Three types of test data represent different approaches to evaluation, from basic error detection to error correction with natural language explanations of the corrections made and error severity scores, which is the main novelty of this approach. These additions are especially useful when evaluating large language models. We present a spell and grammar checking test set for Icelandic in which the described approach is applied. The data consists of whole texts instead of discrete sentences, which facilitates evaluating context awareness of models. The resulting test set can be used to compare different spell and grammar checkers and is published under permissive licenses.

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Automatic Extraction of Language-Specific Biomarkers of Healthy Aging in Icelandic
Elena Callegari | Iris Edda Nowenstein | Ingunn Jóhanna Kristjánsdóttir | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)

This study examines the influence of task type and healthy aging on various automatically extracted part-of-speech features in Icelandic. We administered three language tasks to participants aged 60–80: picture description, trip planning, and description of one’s childhood home. Our findings reveal significant task effects on 11 out of 14 linguistic variables studied, highlighting the substantial influence of sampling methods on language production. Among the variables showing statistically significant task effects, we find the rate of the genitive and subjunctive, variables which can only be studied in morphologically richer languages like Icelandic. On the other hand, rates of pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions remained stable across task types. Aging effects were more subtle, being evident in 3 of the 14 variables, including an interaction with task type for dative case marking. These findings underscore the significance of task selection in studies targeting linguistic features but also emphasize the need to examine languages other than English to fully understand the effects of aging on language production. Additionally, the results have clinical implications: understanding healthy aging’s impact on language can help us better identify and study changes caused by Alzheimer’s Disease in older adults’ speech.

2023

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Enhancing Academic Title Generation Using SciBERT and Linguistic Rules
Elena Callegari | Peter Vajdecka | Desara Xhura | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Information Extraction from Scientific Publications

2021

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Shared Digital Resource Application within Insular Scandinavian
Hinrik Hafsteinsson | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages Volume 1 (Papers)

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Towards cross-lingual application of language-specific PoS tagging schemes
Hinrik Hafsteinsson | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)

We describe the process of conversion between the PoS tagging schemes of two languages, the Icelandic MIM-GOLD tagging scheme and the Faroese Sosialurin tagging scheme. These tagging schemes are functionally similar but use separate ways to encode fine-grained morphological information on tokenised text. As Faroese and Icelandic are lexically and grammatically similar, having a systematic method to convert between these two tagging schemes would be beneficial in the field of language technology, specifically in research on transfer learning between the two languages. As a product of our work, we present a provisional version of Icelandic corpora, prepared in the Faroese PoS tagging scheme, ready for use in cross-lingual NLP applications.

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Developing Flashcards for Learning Icelandic
Xindan Xu | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning

2020

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Developing a Faroese PoS-tagging solution using Icelandic methods
Hinrik Hafsteinsson | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON)

We describe the development of a dedicated, high-accuracy part-of-speech (PoS) tagging solution for Faroese, a North Germanic language with about 50,000 speakers. To achieve this, a state-of-the-art neural PoS tagger for Icelandic, ABLTagger, was trained on a 100,000 word PoS-tagged corpus for Faroese, standardised with methods previously applied to Icelandic corpora. This tagger was supplemented with a novel Experimental Database of Faroese Inflection (EDFM), which contains morphological information on 67,488 Faroese words with about one million inflectional forms. This approach produced a PoS-tagging model for Faroese which achieves a 91.40% overall accuracy when evaluated with 10-fold cross validation, which is currently the highest reported accuracy for a dedicated Faroese PoS-tagger. The tagging model, morphological database, proposed revised PoS tagset for Faroese as well as a revised and standardised PoS tagged corpus are all presented as products of this project and are made available for use in further research in Faroese language technology

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A Universal Dependencies Conversion Pipeline for a Penn-format Constituency Treebank
Þórunn Arnardóttir | Hinrik Hafsteinsson | Einar Freyr Sigurðsson | Kristín Bjarnadóttir | Anton Karl Ingason | Hildur Jónsdóttir | Steinþór Steingrímsson
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2020)

The topic of this paper is a rule-based pipeline for converting constituency treebanks based on the Penn Treebank format to Universal Dependencies (UD). We describe an Icelandic constituency treebank, its annotation scheme and the UD scheme. The conversion is discussed, the methods used to deliver a fully automated UD corpus and complications involved. To show its applicability to corpora in different languages, we extend the pipeline and convert a Faroese constituency treebank to a UD corpus. The result is an open-source conversion tool, published under an Apache 2.0 license, applicable to a Penn-style treebank for conversion to a UD corpus, along with the two new UD corpora.

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Creating a Parallel Icelandic Dependency Treebank from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies
Hildur Jónsdóttir | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference

Making the low-resource language, Icelandic, accessible and usable in Language Technology is a work in progress and is supported by the Icelandic government. Creating resources and suitable training data (e.g., a dependency treebank) is a fundamental part of that work. We describe work on a parallel Icelandic dependency treebank based on Universal Dependencies (UD). This is important because it is the first parallel treebank resource for the language and since several other languages already have a resource based on the same text. Two Icelandic treebanks based on phrase-structure grammar have been built and ongoing work aims to convert them to UD. Previously, limited work has been done on dependency grammar for Icelandic. The current project aims to ameliorate this situation by creating a small dependency treebank from scratch. Creating a treebank is a laborious task so the process was implemented in an accessible manner using freely available tools and resources. The parallel data in the UD project was chosen as a source because this would furthermore give us the first parallel treebank for Icelandic. The Icelandic parallel UD corpus will be published as part of UD version 2.6.

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Language Technology Programme for Icelandic 2019-2023
Anna Nikulásdóttir | Jón Guðnason | Anton Karl Ingason | Hrafn Loftsson | Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson | Einar Freyr Sigurðsson | Steinþór Steingrímsson
Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference

In this paper, we describe a new national language technology programme for Icelandic. The programme, which spans a period of five years, aims at making Icelandic usable in communication and interactions in the digital world, by developing accessible, open-source language resources and software. The research and development work within the programme is carried out by a consortium of universities, institutions, and private companies, with a strong emphasis on cooperation between academia and industries. Five core projects will be the main content of the programme: language resources, speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine translation, and spell and grammar checking. We also describe other national language technology programmes and give an overview over the history of language technology in Iceland.

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Disambiguating Confusion Sets as an Aid for Dyslexic Spelling
Steinunn Rut Friðriksdóttir | Anton Karl Ingason
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI)

Spell checkers and other proofreading software are crucial tools for people with dyslexia and other reading disabilities. Most spell checkers automatically detect spelling mistakes by looking up individual words and seeing if they exist in the vocabulary. However, one of the biggest challenges of automatic spelling correction is how to deal with real-word errors, i.e. spelling mistakes which lead to a real but unintended word, such as when then is written in place of than. These errors account for 20% of all spelling mistakes made by people with dyslexia. As both words exist in the vocabulary, a simple dictionary lookup will not detect the mistake. The only way to disambiguate which word was actually intended is to look at the context in which the word appears. This problem is particularly apparent in languages with rich morphology where there is often minimal orthographic difference between grammatical items. In this paper, we present our novel confusion set corpus for Icelandic and discuss how it could be used for context-sensitive spelling correction. We have collected word pairs from seven different categories, chosen for their homophonous properties, along with sentence examples and frequency information from said pairs. We present a small-scale machine learning experiment using a decision tree binary classification which results range from 73% to 86% average accuracy with 10-fold cross validation. While not intended as a finalized result, the method shows potential and will be improved in future research.

2014

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Rapid Deployment of Phrase Structure Parsing for Related Languages: A Case Study of Insular Scandinavian
Anton Karl Ingason | Hrafn Loftsson | Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson | Einar Freyr Sigurðsson | Joel C. Wallenberg
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)

This paper presents ongoing work that aims to improve machine parsing of Faroese using a combination of Faroese and Icelandic training data. We show that even if we only have a relatively small parsed corpus of one language, namely 53,000 words of Faroese, we can obtain better results by adding information about phrase structure from a closely related language which has a similar syntax. Our experiment uses the Berkeley parser. We demonstrate that the addition of Icelandic data without any other modification to the experimental setup results in an f-measure improvement from 75.44% to 78.05% in Faroese and an improvement in part-of-speech tagging accuracy from 88.86% to 90.40%.

2012

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The Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC)
Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson | Anton Karl Ingason | Einar Freyr Sigurðsson | Joel Wallenberg
Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12)

We describe the background for and building of IcePaHC, a one million word parsed historical corpus of Icelandic which has just been finished. This corpus which is completely free and open contains fragments of 60 texts ranging from the late 12th century to the present. We describe the text selection and text collecting process and discuss the quality of the texts and their conversion to modern Icelandic spelling. We explain why we choose to use a phrase structure Penn style annotation scheme and briefly describe the syntactic anno-tation process. We also describe a spin-off project which is only in its beginning stages: a parsed historical corpus of Faroese. Finally, we advocate the importance of an open source policy as regards language resources.

2009

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Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction and Rich Morphology
Anton K. Ingason | Skúli B. Jóhannsson | Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson | Hrafn Loftsson | Sigrún Helgadóttir
Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2009)